覆膜玉米不同生育期土壤酶活性对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

为探讨旱区覆膜玉米农田土壤酶活性对未来气候变化的响应,在田间条件下通过改进的开顶式气室(OTC)系统自动控制大气CO_2浓度,设置自然大气CO_2浓度(CK)、OTC对照(OTC)、OTC系统自动控制CO_2浓度(700μmol·mol~(-1),OTC+CO_2)3个处理,研究了旱区覆膜高产栽培春玉米播前、六叶期(V6)、十二叶期(V12)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)及完熟期(R6)土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶及过氧化氢酶活性对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应特征。研究发现:OTC处理条件下,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性相比CK在V12期降低8.80%(P0.05),而在R6期提高8.95%(P0.05);蔗糖酶活性在播前、V6、R1期降低12.65%～21.43%(P0.05),R3期升高17.50%(P0.05);过氧化氢酶活性在V12、R1、R6期均显著降低。大气CO_2浓度升高对玉米各生育期土壤脲酶活性均无显著影响;使R1、R6期碱性磷酸酶活性降低8.74%和6.39%(P0.05);使V6、R3期蔗糖酶活性升高30.18%和18.37%(P0.05);此外,增加了V12期过氧化氢酶活性,而降低了R3期过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明:当前旱作覆膜高产栽培模式下,大气CO_2浓度升高对春玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响因作物生育期和酶种类不同而异;土壤酶活性对OTC及大气CO_2浓度升高的响应程度不一,在当前试验条件下,OTC对土壤酶活性的影响较大气CO_2浓度升高更为显著。     

油菜饼粕浓缩饲用蛋白的产业化实现及其经济效益分析

油菜饼粕中含有丰富的蛋白质,是一种潜在的植物蛋白资源.由于油菜饼粕中含有硫甙、芥酸、植酸等有毒或抗营养物质,限制了其推广应用,而长期以来技术与工艺的原因又致使产业化的开发一直停滞不前.为了实现菜籽浓缩饲用蛋白的工业化生产,该文介绍了一种利用水性溶剂脱毒的低成本方法,其成品中干基蛋白质含量≥60%,硫甙含量为5 μmol/g,植酸与多酚的脱除率分别为52%和55%.在当前市场条件下,使用该方法生产线的静态投资回收期为1.5年.     

黄河三角洲冲积平原湿地土壤酶活性与养分相关性研究

对黄河三角洲冲积平原湿地酶活性与土壤养分相关性做了研究.结果表明:随着离海距离的增加,土壤有机质及各养分表现出有规律的变化,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性沿湿地演替的方向活性升高,过氧化物酶活性降低.土壤有机质和各养分与酶活性相关性达极显著和显著水平,不同土壤酶活性之间也有显著的相关性.3种酶可以作为评价黄河三角洲冲积平原湿地土壤肥力的指标.     

铝、氟及其复合处理对茶树根际土壤酶活性的影响

研究了铝、氟及其交互作用对白茶和智仁早茶根际土壤酶的生态效应。结果表明,在单独施铝处理中,脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性受到抑制,其它土壤酶活性均随铝浓度的升高呈现先升后降的趋势,当Al浓度高达400mg/kg时,对酶呈现出抑制作用,影响达显著或极显著水平;在单独氟处理下,磷酸酶、尿酸酶活性变化不大,随着氟浓度的升高,除多酚氧化酶活性受抑制外,其余的酶活性也呈现出先升后降的趋势,当F浓度高达120 mg/kg时,对酶产生抑制作用,总体上氟的影响不如铝显著;铝、氟复合处理条件下,铝与氟之间联合作用对脲酶、蛋白酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、尿酸酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性产生了显著或极显著的交互效应,其作用方式因铝、氟处理浓度组合、酶及茶树品种的不同而不同。研究还发现,铝、氟对茶树根际土壤酶的交互效应与铝氟浓度的比值有密切关系,且不同的酶活性达最高时的铝氟比值基本相同,表明在茶树体内代谢中铝、氟之间存在一定的相关性。根际土壤酶活性在两个茶树品种间存在较大的基因型差异,尤其以酸性磷酸酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶最为显著,总体上白茶根际土壤酶对铝、氟及其交互作用较智仁早茶更敏感,两茶树品种之间土壤酶活性的差异与茶树根际过程密切相关。     

长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮量及酶活性的影响

通过对山西省寿阳长期定位试验田0―20 cm和20―40 cm的土壤测定和分析,探讨了长期有机无机肥配施下褐土微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的变化以及相关性。结果表明,褐土微生物生物量C、N变化基本一致。褐土微生物生物量碳、氮从0―20 cm到20―40 cm土层均呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥、有机无机肥合理配施都能提高褐土微生物生物量碳、氮;不同用量的长期单施化肥处理不能使微生物生物量C、N显著增加。脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性从0―20 cm到20―40 cm土层呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥和有机无机肥合理配施可使褐土脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性增加。脲酶活性随单施化肥量的增加有变大趋势,而碱性磷酸酶活性则呈变小趋势。土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤酶活性及土壤养分之间的显著相关性表明,微生物生物量C、N和土壤酶活性可以判断褐土土壤有机质和N素状况,可作为评价褐土土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果的生物学指标,同时也可为提高褐土土壤肥力水平和土壤培肥效果提供依据。     

嘉陵江上游不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的研究

以嘉陵江上游水土流失定位观测站内5种植被恢复模式为研究对象,对土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:①退化生态系统进行植被恢复后土壤微生物数量明显增加,上层>下层,且随季节不同而有明显变化;②5种植被恢复模式脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均明显高于对照地,3种土壤酶活性随季节变化明显且因林分而异;③5种植被恢复模式土壤氮素的转化率除湿地松纯林外均明显高于对照地,土壤氮素转化率与3种酶均呈极显著的相关关系,与土壤中细菌、放线菌数量之间也呈正相关关系,但相关系数未达显著水平;④火烧迹地灌丛土壤养分含量最高,微生物数量最大,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性最强,土壤的结构性最好。     

长期石油污水灌溉对东北旱田土壤微生物生物量及土壤酶活性的影响

以土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性等为土壤微生物变化指标,研究了含油污水长期灌溉对东北沈抚灌区农田土壤微生物的影响.结果表明:土壤微生物生物量碳和生物量氮随着污灌有机物污染程度的增加而增加,与土壤石油烃(TPH)含量极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.955和0.962(P<0.01);与土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)含量也极显著正相关,相关系数为0.941和0.946(P<0.01).土壤酶活性分析表明,土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶与土壤TPH含量极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.977和0.958(P<0.01);与PAHs含量也极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.997和0.977(P<0.01).土壤中的脲酶受污水灌溉中含N物质的影响与TPH含量显著相关,相关系数为0.713(P<0.05),与PAHs污染无明显相关性.而纤维素酶与土壤有机物污染无明显相关关系.土壤微生物生物量和土壤脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶可以作为污灌土壤TPH和PAHs污染敏感的生物学和生物化学指标.     

Extraction and characterization of soil hydrogenases oxidizing atmospheric hydrogen

Soils are the largest sink of atmospheric hydrogen contributing about 75% to the total budget. Atmospheric H₂ is assumed to be oxidized in soil by abiontic soil hydrogenases. Extraction of a forest soil with a slightly alkaline (pH 8.5) buffer containing polyethylene glycol (PEG), followed by filtration yielded a bacteria-free extract that oxidized H₂ at ambient concentrations (0.2–2.0 ppmv). Hydrogenase activity was assayed by gas chromatographic analysis of H₂ consumption and by conversion of ³H₂ to tritiated water. Only less than 2% of the original activity was recovered in the extract. Kinetic analysis nevertheless resulted in a biphasic kinetics exhibiting two K_m and V_max values that were similar to those detected in the original soil. In addition, activities of both original soil and soil extract showed similar optima at pH 4–6 and at 30 °C, indicating that representative fractions of soil hydrogenases were recovered in the extract. Precipitation with PEG or ultrafiltration allowed further purification of the activity, albeit only about 20% of that in the crude extract could be recovered in the precipitate or the fraction >100 kDa.     

Response of an agricultural soil to pentachlorophenol (PCP) contamination and the addition of compost or dissolved organic matter

The response of a fresh, agricultural soil when contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and supplemented with compost (C) or dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied in the laboratory. The concentration of PCP and the changes in various functionally related properties (i.e. microbial biomass, basal respiration, soil hydrolase and oxidoreductase activity) were measured over 150 d. Variations in the main physical and chemical properties of the soils were also monitored. Two different doses of compost (C1 = 0.27% and C2 = 0.83%, corresponding to 10 and 30 t ha⁻¹, respectively) or DOM (D1 = 0.07% and D2 = 0.2%) equivalent to the carbon content of the two compost doses C1 and C2 were used and the following five systems were investigated: soil (S), soil–compost (S-C1 and S-C2) and soil–DOM (S-D1 and S-D2). PCP concentrations declined progressively and significantly with time. This effect was most pronounced for the soils amended with the lower compost dose C1 (S-C1) and with the two DOM (S-D1 and S-D2) amounts. Significantly reduced amounts of PCP were extracted after its 500-d residence in the various systems. Higher amounts of the residual PCP were extracted from the humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin–mineral (HU) fractions of the 500 d aged samples than from the same unfractionated samples, indicating that the residual PCP preferentially accumulated in the organic fractions of soil. The soil showed an endogenous microbial activity as indicated by basal respiration, microbial biomass and all the enzymatic activities tested (dehydrogenase, glucosidase, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease). Addition of the PCP severely depressed some of the tested biochemical properties suggesting an inhibitory effect on microbial activity. Conversely, higher basal respiration, and similar β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities were measured in comparison with the controls. No significant effects were observed following the addition of two doses of the compost or the DOM. Fungal colonies belonging to the taxonomic group of Ascomycetes and identified as Byssochlamys fulva developed with time in all the PCP-contaminated samples. Growth of B. fulva in vitro in the presence of PCP showed that the isolate was tolerant to 12.5 and 25 mg l⁻¹ PCP and degraded 20% of its initial concentration in 8 d. Overall, the results indicate that many complex processes occurred in the contaminated soil and combinations of these determined the response to PCP contamination. The sorption of PCP to the soil matrix (which increased with time) and its degradation/transformation by indigenous soil microbial activity were likely involved. Both the processes appeared to be favoured by the presence of dissolved organic matter.